Cell-permeable calmodulin (CaM) agonist that binds to the EF-hand/Ca2+-binding site; produces CaM-dependent activation of phosphodiesterase. Also binds to cytoplasmic sites on other Ca2+ channels, including NMDA and HIV-1 gp120-activated channels, inhibiting Ca2+-mediated cytotoxicity and apoptosis (IC50 = 52 μM). Shown to protect pancreatic acinar cells from gossypol induced necrosis. Inhibits VLA-5-mediated adhesion of mast cells to fibronectin in vitro and attenuates inflammatory cell influx in guinea pig lung in vivo.

2-Amino-3-carboxy-1,4-naphthoquinone is the electron transfer mediator, can change glucose metabolism of the homofermentative lactic acid bacteria.

Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) is a nucleoside analog that competes with thymidine for incorporation into DNA, and used in the detection of proliferating cells.